Acetic Acid

Acetic acid serves as a foundational element in the creation of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM), a key component in various industrial applications.

Additionally, it acts as a catalyst in the production of terephthalic acid and forms the basis for other chemical derivatives like cellulose acetate, acetate esters, acetic anhydride, and chloroacetic acid. Intriguingly, its most ubiquitous form—vinegar—contains approximately 6% acetic acid.

This makes it not only a vital player in industrial synthesis but also a common household ingredient, bridging the gap between everyday life and chemical manufacturing.

Chemicals Characteristics

Synonyms: E260, Ethanoic acid, Methane Carboxylic Acid, Methanecarboxylic Acid
Chemical Formula: C2H4O2
CAS Number: 64-19-7

Molar Weight

60.052 g/mol

Melting Point

16.6 °C

Boiling Point

117.9 °C

Flash Point

40°C

Density

1.049 g/cc

Forms

Liquid (clear), Colourless

Entire form

Key Points/Overview

Acetic acid is a household name, most commonly encountered as the key component in vinegar, where it makes up around 5% of the solution. However, when concentrated to 99.5%, it transforms into what is known as glacial acetic acid. This highly concentrated form serves as a crucial raw material and solvent in various chemical manufacturing processes.

In an industrial setting, glacial acetic acid is indispensable for the production of vinyl acetate and is also employed as a solvent for dissolving substances like oils, sulfur, and iodine. It plays a vital role in oil and gas acidization, pharmaceutical manufacturing, vitamin production, and food processing.

It’s important to note that occupational exposure to glacial acetic acid can happen via inhalation or contact with skin and eyes. Regulatory bodies like OSHA have established guidelines to manage and limit such exposure.

Uses & Benefits

Household Applications

Acetic acid is most commonly encountered in households as vinegar, a clear solution typically comprising 5% acetic acid and 95% water. Derived from fermentable sources like wine, potatoes, and fruits, vinegar is a versatile ingredient used in food preparation, cleaning, and even personal care products.

  • Food Preparation: Vinegar is a staple in kitchens, used in pickling, vinaigrettes, and marinades. It also serves as a food safety agent, helping to control Salmonella contamination in meat and poultry.

  • Cleaning: Beyond its culinary uses, vinegar is an effective household cleaner. It can be used to clean windows, dishes, and even bathroom tiles. Its non-toxic nature makes it ideal for cleaning food-related tools, requiring minimal rinsing.

  • Gardening: At higher concentrations of 10-20%, acetic acid acts as an herbicide, effective for killing surface weeds in gardens and lawns.

Industrial & Chemical Uses

In its concentrated form as glacial acetic acid, it serves multiple industrial purposes:

  • Versatile Solvent: Used to dissolve a variety of substances including oils, sulfur, and iodine, making it invaluable in industrial settings.

  • Chemical Manufacturing: A crucial raw material for producing chemicals like vinyl acetate, which finds applications in adhesives, paints, and plastics.

Pharmaceutical & Health Sector

  • Pharmaceutical Applications: Employed in the synthesis of vital pharmaceuticals and vitamins, contributing to various medical treatments.

Oil & Gas Applications

  • Resource Extraction: Utilized in the acidization of oil and gas wells to enhance extraction efficiency.

Safety Considerations

Occupational exposure to concentrated forms of acetic acid can occur. Adherence to safety guidelines set by agencies like OSHA is essential to minimize risks.

By understanding the diverse uses and benefits of acetic acid, its importance in both domestic and industrial settings becomes evident.

Safety Information

Consumer Exposure

Vinegar, containing about 5% acetic acid, is generally recognized as safe for consumption by the FDA. However, excessive intake can exacerbate symptoms like heartburn and indigestion, and can also harm tooth enamel.

Occupational Exposure

When dealing with glacial acetic acid, occupational risks include inhalation and contact with skin or eyes. This form of acetic acid is corrosive and requires strict safety measures. OSHA has established a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 10 ppm over an 8-hour work shift.

  • Symptoms: Exposure at this level can lead to irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. At concentrations of 100 ppm, there’s a risk of significant lung, eye, and skin damage, as well as conditions like pharyngeal edema and chronic bronchitis.

Safety Measures

  • PPE: Use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment, including gloves and eye protection.
  • Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation in the workspace to disperse harmful fumes.

First Aid

  • Inhalation: Seek fresh air and medical attention.
  • Contact: Rinse thoroughly with water and consult a healthcare provider.

By adhering to these guidelines, both consumers and professionals can mitigate the risks associated with acetic acid exposure.