Glyoxalic Acid

Glyoxalic Acid, also known as Glyoxylic Acid, is a 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid combining both aldehyde and carboxylic acid functional groups. It is widely utilised in chemical manufacturing, personal care, and biochemical research due to its high reactivity and versatility.

This guide provides a detailed overview of Glyoxalic Acid’s chemical and physical characteristics, key benefits, applications, safety protocols, and environmental considerations.

Chemicals Characteristics

Synonyms: Glyoxylic acid, Oxoacetic acid, Glyoxalic acid, 2-Oxoacetic acid, Glyoxylate
Chemical Formula:  C₂H₂O₃
CAS Number: 298-12-4 (anhydrous), 563-96-2 (monohydrate)

Molar Weight

74.04 g/mol

Melting Point

-93 °C

Boiling Point

111 °C

Flash Point

111 °C

Density

1.33 g/mL

Forms

Miscible in water, ethanol; slightly soluble in ether and benzene

Entire form

Key Points/Overview

Glyoxalic Acid’s unique combination of aldehyde and carboxylic acid groups makes it highly reactive and suitable for a wide range of chemical reactions. It acts as a corrosion inhibitor and as a precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, polymers, and personal care products.

Its versatility supports its use in aldol condensations, glycine synthesis, and biochemical studies, where it serves as both a metabolite and an enzyme substrate.

Uses & Benefits

Glyoxalic Acid provides significant advantages in industrial manufacturing, personal care, and biochemical research.

Industrial Manufacturing

  • Corrosion Inhibitor: Prevents metal degradation in equipment used for metal treatment and oil/gas drilling. Its effectiveness in preventing oxidation extends the lifespan of industrial machinery, reducing maintenance costs and downtime.

  • Chemical Intermediate: Serves as a critical building block in the synthesis of agrochemicals, dyes, and pharmaceutical compounds such as allantoin. Its dual functional groups enable a broad range of chemical transformations, making it highly sought after in synthetic chemistry.

  • Monomer Synthesis: Functions as a precursor in the development of specialised polymers and resins, contributing to the production of materials with enhanced mechanical and chemical properties suitable for demanding industrial applications.

Personal Care

  • Hair Straightening and Dermatology: Acts as a key ingredient in keratin-based hair treatments, offering a safer alternative to formaldehyde-based formulations. It also contributes to skincare products by providing mild exfoliating properties that promote smoother, healthier skin.

  • Preservative Stabiliser: Enhances the shelf life and stability of cosmetic formulations by reducing microbial growth and maintaining product consistency, especially in complex emulsions and solutions.

Biochemical Research

  • Metabolite Studies: Supports advanced research into metabolic pathways and disorders, particularly within the glyoxylate cycle. Its role as an intermediate enables scientists to better understand biochemical processes and disease mechanisms.

  • Enzyme Substrate: Widely used in enzymatic assays, including studies involving hydroxypyruvate reductase and related enzymes, aiding in the development of therapeutic interventions and diagnostic methods.

Safety Information

Potential Hazards

  • Skin and Eye Irritation: Can cause irritation; use nitrile gloves and safety goggles.

  • Inhalation: Vapours may irritate mucous membranes; adequate ventilation or respiratory protection is advised.

  • Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed; medical attention should be sought immediately.

Safety Precautions

  • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Gloves, goggles, and face shields should be worn.

  • Ventilation: Employ local exhaust ventilation to minimise airborne exposure.

  • Emergency Response: Rinse affected areas with water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical assistance if symptoms persist.

Storage Recommendations

  • Containers: Store in tightly closed containers.

  • Conditions: Keep below 30 °C in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.

Occupational Exposure Controls

  • Engineering Controls: Use closed systems and local exhaust ventilation to limit vapour and dust exposure.

  • Administrative Controls: Provide comprehensive training on safe handling and emergency procedures.

  • Health Surveillance: Monitor for signs of skin, eye, or respiratory sensitivity in regularly exposed personnel.

Environmental Impact and Disposal

  • Environmental Considerations: Avoid uncontrolled release into the environment due to potential water contamination.

  • Disposal Guidelines: Dispose of in accordance with local hazardous waste regulations. Prevent discharge into water systems.

Glyoxalic Acid’s chemical versatility and reactivity, combined with proper handling, storage, and safety protocols, make it a valuable resource in industrial manufacturing, personal care, and biochemical research applications.